These principles are used for writing good code.
Keep it stupid simple (make the code easy to read and understand).
Don't repeat yourself (use functions).
Single responsibility principle.
Every module, class, or function should have responsibility over a single part of the functionality provided by the software, and that responsibility should be entirely encapsulated by the class, module or function.
All its services should be narrowly aligned with that responsibility
Separation of Concerns principle.
Like the single responsibility principle but on a more abstract level.
A program should be designed so that it has many different non-overlapping encapsulations, and these encapsulations shouldn’t know about each other.
A well-known example of this is the model-view-controller (MVC) paradigm.
Make the code open to extension but closed to modification.
Objects with complex behaviors should do so by containing instances of objects with individual behaviors rather than inheriting a class and adding new behaviors.
You aren’t gonna need it principle.
Never code for functionality that you may need in the future.
Just follow the above principles so it will be easy to code that functionality in the future.
No premature optimization principle.
Don't optimize code before it’s necessary.
Code refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code—changing the factoring—without changing its external behavior.
Refactoring is intended to improve nonfunctional attributes of the software.
Advantages include improved code readability and reduced complexity.
These can improve source-code maintainability and create a more expressive internal architecture or object model to improve extensibility.
Clean and readable code is better than "clever" code that is harder to understand.
Don’t reinvent the wheel (use existing functionalities, frameworks, libraries…).
In the next step, we explore various architectural patterns that provide frameworks for organizing and structuring software systems, such as MVC (Model-View-Controller), and Layered Architecture. Understanding these patterns will help you design scalable, modular, and maintainable applications.